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《論語》先進

[春秋-戰國]公元前480年—公元前350年


{第二十六章}

子路、曾皙、冉有、公西華侍坐。子曰:「以吾一日長乎爾,毋吾以也。居則曰:『不吾知也!』如或知爾,則何以哉?」子路率爾而對曰:「千乘之國,攝乎大國之間,加之以師旅,因之以饑饉;由也為之,比及三年,可使有勇,且知方也。」夫子哂之。「求!爾何如?」對曰:「方六七十,如五六十,求也為之,比及三年,可使足民。如其禮樂,以俟君子。」「赤!爾何如?」對曰:「非曰能之,願學焉。宗廟之事,如會同,端章甫,願為小相焉。」「點!爾何如?」鼓瑟希,鏗爾,舍瑟而作。對曰:「異乎三子者之撰。」子曰:「何傷乎?亦各言其志也。」曰:「莫春者,春服既成。冠者五六人,童子六七人,浴乎沂,風乎舞雩,詠而歸。」夫子喟然歎曰:「吾與點也!」三子者出,曾皙後。曾皙曰:「夫三子者之言何如?」子曰:「亦各言其志也已矣。」曰:「夫子何哂由也?」曰:「為國以禮,其言不讓,是故哂之。」「唯求則非邦也與?」「安見方六七十如五六十而非邦也者?」「唯赤則非邦也與?」「宗廟會同,非諸侯而何?赤也為之小,孰能為之大?」


{註釋}

(1)曾皙:名點,字子皙,曾參的父親,也是孔子的學生。

(2)以:認為。爾:你們。

(3)居:平日。

(4)率爾:輕率,急切。

(5)攝:迫近。

(6)因:仍,繼。飢饉:飢荒。

(7)比及:等到。

(8)方:方向,指道義。

(9)哂:譏諷的笑。

(10)如:或者。

(11)端:玄端,古代禮服的名稱。章甫:古代禮帽的名稱。

(12)相:儐相,祭祀和會盟時主持贊禮和司儀的官。相有卿、大夫、士三級,小相是最低的士一級。

(13)希:同「稀」,指彈瑟的速度放慢,節奏逐漸稀疏。

(14)作:站起來。

(15)異乎:不同於。撰:具,述。

(16)莫春:夏曆三月。莫,同「暮」。

(17)沂:水名,發源於山東南部,流經江蘇北部入海。

(18)風:迎風納涼。舞雩:地名,原是祭天求雨的地方,在今山東曲阜。

(19)喟然:長嘆的樣子。

(20)與:贊許,同意。

(21)唯:語首詞,沒有甚麼意義。

(22)之:相當於「其」。


{譯文}

子路、曾皙、冉有、公西華四個人陪同孔子坐著。孔子說:「我比你們年齡都大,你們不要因為我在這裏就不敢盡情說話。你們平時總愛說:『沒有人了解自己呀!』如果有人了解你們,那你們怎麼辦呢?」子路輕率而急切地回答:「如果有一個千乘之國,夾在幾個大國之間,外面有軍隊侵犯它,國內又連年災荒,我去治理它,只要三年,就可以使那裏人人有勇氣、個個懂道義。」孔子聽後譏諷地笑了一笑。又問:「冉求,你怎麼樣?」冉有回答說:「方圓六七十里或五六十里見方的小國家,我去治理它,等到三年,可以使人民富足。至於禮樂方面,只有等待賢人君子來施行了。」孔子又問:「公西赤,你怎麼樣?」公西赤回答道:「不敢說我有能力,只是願意學習罷了。宗廟祭祀或者同外國盟會,我願意穿著禮服,戴著禮帽,做一個小儐相。」孔子接著問:「曾點!你怎麼樣?」曾晳彈瑟的節奏逐漸稀疏,「鏗」的一聲放下瑟站起來,回答道:「我和他們三位所說的不一樣。」孔子說:「那有甚麼妨礙呢?也不過是各人談談志願罷了。」曾皙說:「暮春三月的時候,春天的衣服都穿在身上了,我和五六位成年人,還有六七個兒童一起,在沂水岸邊洗洗澡,在舞雩台上吹納涼,唱著歌兒走回來。」孔子長嘆一聲說:「我贊成你的主張。」子路、冉有、公西華三個人都出來了,曾皙後走。他問孔子說:「他們三位同學的話怎麼樣?」孔子說:「也不過各人談談自己的志願罷了。」曾皙說:「您為甚麼要譏笑仲由呢?」孔子說:「治理國家應該注意禮儀,他的話一點也不謙遜,所以笑他。」曾皙又問:「難道冉求所講的不是有關治理國家的事嗎?」孔子說:「怎麼見得方圓六七十里或五六十里的地方就算不上一個國家呢?」曾皙又問:「公西赤講的就不是國家嗎?」孔子說:「有宗廟、有國家之間的盟會,不是國家是甚麼?公西華只能做小儐相,誰能做大儐相呢?」


{解讀}

這一段師生之間的平常對話非常有名也非常重要,引發了後世諸多學人的諸多討論。對答之間,師生各自述其政治理想和志向,子路的爽直不謙讓、冉求的有志於邦國、公西華的謙遜、曾晳的灑脫飄逸無不宛然如見。孔子欣賞他們,對他們的志向加以點評,讓人有如沐春風之感,充溢著愉快、熱烈、祥和而又親切的氣氛。這章既顯示了儒家濃郁的入世情懷,也反映了其瀟灑自在的人生意趣。


{英文翻譯}

Zi Lu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gong Xi Hua were sitting by the Master. He said to them, "Though I am a day or so older than you, do not think of that. From day to day you are saying, 'We are not known.' If some ruler were to know you, what would you like to do?" Zi Lu hastily and lightly replied, "Suppose the case of a state of ten thousand chariots; let it be straitened between other large states; let it be suffering from invading armies; and to this let there be added a famine in corn and in all vegetables - if I were entrusted with the government of it, in three years' time I could make the people be bold, and to recognize the rules of righteous conduct." The Master smiled at him. Turning to Ran You, he said, "Qiu, what are your wishes?" Qiu replied, "Suppose a state of sixty or seventy li square, or one of fifty or sixty, and let me have the government of it - in three years' time, I could make plenty to abound among the people. As to teaching them the principles of propriety, and music, I must wait for the rise of a superior man to do that." "What are your wishes, Chi," said the Master next to Gong Xi Hua. Chi replied, "I do not say that my ability extends to these things, but I should wish to learn them. At the services of the ancestral temple, and at the audiences of the princes with the sovereign, I should like, dressed in the dark square-made robe and the black linen cap, to act as a small assistant." Last of all, the Master asked Zeng Xi, "Dian, what are your wishes?" Dian, pausing as he was playing on his lute, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and said, "My wishes are different from the cherished purposes of these three gentlemen." Said the Master, "What harm is there in that? Do you also, as well as they, speak out your wishes." Dian then said, "In this, the last month of spring, with the dress of the season all complete, along with five or six young men who have assumed the cap, and six or seven boys, I would wash in the Yi, enjoy the breeze among the rain altars, and return home singing." The Master heaved a sigh and said, "I give my approval to Dian." The three others having gone out, Zeng Xi remained behind, and said, "What do you think of the words of these three friends?" The Master replied, "They simply told each one his wishes." Xi pursued, "Master, why did you smile at You?" He was answered, "The management of a state demands the rules of propriety. His words were not humble; therefore I smiled at him." Xi again said, "But was it not a state which Qiu proposed for himself?" The reply was, "Yes; did you ever see a territory of sixty or seventy li or one of fifty or sixty, which was not a state?" Once more, Xi inquired, "And was it not a state which Chi proposed for himself?" The Master again replied, "Yes; who but princes have to do with ancestral temples, and with audiences but the sovereign? If Chi were to be a small assistant in these services, who could be a great one?"

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

這一章能夠了解到孔先生如何與學生們交流,

藉著他們述說自己的理念和志向,

一方面能深入了解學生們的想法,

另一方面作為老師為他們加以指導。

這樣的老師是用「心」來教學,

孔先生能夠做到亦師亦友,

是因為真誠和堅守原則,

加上才學兼備卻不失謙遜,

讓人們心悅誠服,

成為學習的榜樣。

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